json_util – Tools for using Python’s json module with BSON documents

Tools for using Python’s json module with BSON documents.

This module provides two helper methods dumps and loads that wrap the native json methods and provide explicit BSON conversion to and from JSON. JSONOptions provides a way to control how JSON is emitted and parsed, with the default being the Relaxed Extended JSON format. json_util can also generate Canonical or legacy Extended JSON when CANONICAL_JSON_OPTIONS or LEGACY_JSON_OPTIONS is provided, respectively.

Example usage (deserialization):

>>> from bson.json_util import loads
>>> loads('[{"foo": [1, 2]}, {"bar": {"hello": "world"}}, {"code": {"$scope": {}, "$code": "function x() { return 1; }"}}, {"bin": {"$type": "80", "$binary": "AQIDBA=="}}]')
[{'foo': [1, 2]}, {'bar': {'hello': 'world'}}, {'code': Code('function x() { return 1; }', {})}, {'bin': Binary(b'...', 128)}]

Example usage with RELAXED_JSON_OPTIONS (the default):

>>> from bson import Binary, Code
>>> from bson.json_util import dumps
>>> dumps([{'foo': [1, 2]},
...        {'bar': {'hello': 'world'}},
...        {'code': Code("function x() { return 1; }")},
...        {'bin': Binary(b"")}])
'[{"foo": [1, 2]}, {"bar": {"hello": "world"}}, {"code": {"$code": "function x() { return 1; }"}}, {"bin": {"$binary": {"base64": "AQIDBA==", "subType": "00"}}}]'

Example usage (with CANONICAL_JSON_OPTIONS):

>>> from bson import Binary, Code
>>> from bson.json_util import dumps, CANONICAL_JSON_OPTIONS
>>> dumps([{'foo': [1, 2]},
...        {'bar': {'hello': 'world'}},
...        {'code': Code("function x() { return 1; }")},
...        {'bin': Binary(b"")}],
...       json_options=CANONICAL_JSON_OPTIONS)
'[{"foo": [{"$numberInt": "1"}, {"$numberInt": "2"}]}, {"bar": {"hello": "world"}}, {"code": {"$code": "function x() { return 1; }"}}, {"bin": {"$binary": {"base64": "AQIDBA==", "subType": "00"}}}]'

Example usage (with LEGACY_JSON_OPTIONS):

>>> from bson import Binary, Code
>>> from bson.json_util import dumps, LEGACY_JSON_OPTIONS
>>> dumps([{'foo': [1, 2]},
...        {'bar': {'hello': 'world'}},
...        {'code': Code("function x() { return 1; }", {})},
...        {'bin': Binary(b"")}],
...       json_options=LEGACY_JSON_OPTIONS)
'[{"foo": [1, 2]}, {"bar": {"hello": "world"}}, {"code": {"$code": "function x() { return 1; }", "$scope": {}}}, {"bin": {"$binary": "AQIDBA==", "$type": "00"}}]'

Alternatively, you can manually pass the default to json.dumps(). It won’t handle Binary and Code instances (as they are extended strings you can’t provide custom defaults), but it will be faster as there is less recursion.

Note

If your application does not need the flexibility offered by JSONOptions and spends a large amount of time in the json_util module, look to python-bsonjs for a nice performance improvement. python-bsonjs is a fast BSON to MongoDB Extended JSON converter for Python built on top of libbson. python-bsonjs works best with PyMongo when using RawBSONDocument.

class bson.json_util.DatetimeRepresentation
LEGACY = 0

Legacy MongoDB Extended JSON datetime representation.

datetime.datetime instances will be encoded to JSON in the format {“$date”: <dateAsMilliseconds>}, where dateAsMilliseconds is a 64-bit signed integer giving the number of milliseconds since the Unix epoch UTC. This was the default encoding before PyMongo version 3.4.

New in version 3.4.

NUMBERLONG = 1

NumberLong datetime representation.

datetime.datetime instances will be encoded to JSON in the format {“$date”: {“$numberLong”: “<dateAsMilliseconds>”}}, where dateAsMilliseconds is the string representation of a 64-bit signed integer giving the number of milliseconds since the Unix epoch UTC.

New in version 3.4.

ISO8601 = 2

ISO-8601 datetime representation.

datetime.datetime instances greater than or equal to the Unix epoch UTC will be encoded to JSON in the format {“$date”: “<ISO-8601>”}. datetime.datetime instances before the Unix epoch UTC will be encoded as if the datetime representation is NUMBERLONG.

New in version 3.4.

class bson.json_util.JSONMode
LEGACY = 0

Legacy Extended JSON representation.

In this mode, dumps() produces PyMongo’s legacy non-standard JSON output. Consider using RELAXED or CANONICAL instead.

New in version 3.5.

RELAXED = 1

Relaxed Extended JSON representation.

In this mode, dumps() produces Relaxed Extended JSON, a mostly JSON-like format. Consider using this for things like a web API, where one is sending a document (or a projection of a document) that only uses ordinary JSON type primitives. In particular, the int, Int64, and float numeric types are represented in the native JSON number format. This output is also the most human readable and is useful for debugging and documentation.

See also

The specification for Relaxed Extended JSON.

New in version 3.5.

CANONICAL = 2

Canonical Extended JSON representation.

In this mode, dumps() produces Canonical Extended JSON, a type preserving format. Consider using this for things like testing, where one has to precisely specify expected types in JSON. In particular, the int, Int64, and float numeric types are encoded with type wrappers.

See also

The specification for Canonical Extended JSON.

New in version 3.5.

class bson.json_util.JSONOptions(strict_number_long: Optional[bool] = None, datetime_representation: Optional[int] = None, strict_uuid: Optional[bool] = None, json_mode: int = 1, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any)

Create new instance of _BaseCodecOptions(document_class, tz_aware, uuid_representation, unicode_decode_error_handler, tzinfo, type_registry, datetime_conversion)

json_mode: int
strict_number_long: bool
datetime_representation: int
strict_uuid: bool
with_options(**kwargs: Any) → bson.json_util.JSONOptions

Make a copy of this JSONOptions, overriding some options:

>>> from bson.json_util import CANONICAL_JSON_OPTIONS
>>> CANONICAL_JSON_OPTIONS.tz_aware
True
>>> json_options = CANONICAL_JSON_OPTIONS.with_options(tz_aware=False, tzinfo=None)
>>> json_options.tz_aware
False

New in version 3.12.

bson.json_util.LEGACY_JSON_OPTIONS: bson.json_util.JSONOptions = JSONOptions(strict_number_long=False, datetime_representation=0, strict_uuid=False, json_mode=0, document_class=dict, tz_aware=False, uuid_representation=UuidRepresentation.UNSPECIFIED, unicode_decode_error_handler='strict', tzinfo=None, type_registry=TypeRegistry(type_codecs=[], fallback_encoder=None), datetime_conversion=DatetimeConversion.DATETIME)

JSONOptions for encoding to PyMongo’s legacy JSON format.

See also

The documentation for bson.json_util.JSONMode.LEGACY.

New in version 3.5.

bson.json_util.CANONICAL_JSON_OPTIONS: bson.json_util.JSONOptions = JSONOptions(strict_number_long=True, datetime_representation=1, strict_uuid=True, json_mode=2, document_class=dict, tz_aware=False, uuid_representation=UuidRepresentation.UNSPECIFIED, unicode_decode_error_handler='strict', tzinfo=None, type_registry=TypeRegistry(type_codecs=[], fallback_encoder=None), datetime_conversion=DatetimeConversion.DATETIME)

JSONOptions for Canonical Extended JSON.

See also

The documentation for bson.json_util.JSONMode.CANONICAL.

New in version 3.5.

bson.json_util.RELAXED_JSON_OPTIONS: bson.json_util.JSONOptions = JSONOptions(strict_number_long=False, datetime_representation=2, strict_uuid=True, json_mode=1, document_class=dict, tz_aware=False, uuid_representation=UuidRepresentation.UNSPECIFIED, unicode_decode_error_handler='strict', tzinfo=None, type_registry=TypeRegistry(type_codecs=[], fallback_encoder=None), datetime_conversion=DatetimeConversion.DATETIME)

JSONOptions for Relaxed Extended JSON.

See also

The documentation for bson.json_util.JSONMode.RELAXED.

New in version 3.5.

bson.json_util.DEFAULT_JSON_OPTIONS: bson.json_util.JSONOptions = JSONOptions(strict_number_long=False, datetime_representation=2, strict_uuid=True, json_mode=1, document_class=dict, tz_aware=False, uuid_representation=UuidRepresentation.UNSPECIFIED, unicode_decode_error_handler='strict', tzinfo=None, type_registry=TypeRegistry(type_codecs=[], fallback_encoder=None), datetime_conversion=DatetimeConversion.DATETIME)

The default JSONOptions for JSON encoding/decoding.

The same as RELAXED_JSON_OPTIONS.

Changed in version 4.0: Changed from LEGACY_JSON_OPTIONS to RELAXED_JSON_OPTIONS.

New in version 3.4.

bson.json_util.dumps(obj: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → str

Helper function that wraps json.dumps().

Recursive function that handles all BSON types including Binary and Code.

Parameters

Changed in version 4.0: Now outputs MongoDB Relaxed Extended JSON by default (using DEFAULT_JSON_OPTIONS).

Changed in version 3.4: Accepts optional parameter json_options. See JSONOptions.

bson.json_util.loads(s: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → Any

Helper function that wraps json.loads().

Automatically passes the object_hook for BSON type conversion.

Raises TypeError, ValueError, KeyError, or InvalidId on invalid MongoDB Extended JSON.

Parameters

Changed in version 4.0: Now loads datetime.datetime instances as naive by default. To load timezone aware instances utilize the json_options parameter. See tz_aware defaults to False for an example.

Changed in version 3.5: Parses Relaxed and Canonical Extended JSON as well as PyMongo’s legacy format. Now raises TypeError or ValueError when parsing JSON type wrappers with values of the wrong type or any extra keys.

Changed in version 3.4: Accepts optional parameter json_options. See JSONOptions.

bson.json_util.object_pairs_hook(pairs: Sequence[Tuple[str, Any]], json_options: bson.json_util.JSONOptions = JSONOptions(strict_number_long=False, datetime_representation=2, strict_uuid=True, json_mode=1, document_class=dict, tz_aware=False, uuid_representation=UuidRepresentation.UNSPECIFIED, unicode_decode_error_handler='strict', tzinfo=None, type_registry=TypeRegistry(type_codecs=[], fallback_encoder=None), datetime_conversion=DatetimeConversion.DATETIME)) → Any
bson.json_util.object_hook(dct: Mapping[str, Any], json_options: bson.json_util.JSONOptions = JSONOptions(strict_number_long=False, datetime_representation=2, strict_uuid=True, json_mode=1, document_class=dict, tz_aware=False, uuid_representation=UuidRepresentation.UNSPECIFIED, unicode_decode_error_handler='strict', tzinfo=None, type_registry=TypeRegistry(type_codecs=[], fallback_encoder=None), datetime_conversion=DatetimeConversion.DATETIME)) → Any
bson.json_util.default(obj: Any, json_options: bson.json_util.JSONOptions = JSONOptions(strict_number_long=False, datetime_representation=2, strict_uuid=True, json_mode=1, document_class=dict, tz_aware=False, uuid_representation=UuidRepresentation.UNSPECIFIED, unicode_decode_error_handler='strict', tzinfo=None, type_registry=TypeRegistry(type_codecs=[], fallback_encoder=None), datetime_conversion=DatetimeConversion.DATETIME)) → Any